The next time someone asks you for your cellphone number, you may want to think twice about giving it.
The
cellphone number is more than just a bunch of digits. It is
increasingly used as a link to private information maintained by all
sorts of companies, including money lenders and social networks. It can
be used to monitor and predict what you buy, look for online or even
watch on television.
It
has become “kind of a key into the room of your life and information
about you,” said Edward M. Stroz, a former high-tech crime agent for the
F.B.I. who is co-president of Stroz Friedberg, a private investigator.
Yet the cellphone number is not a legally regulated piece of information like a Social Security
number, which companies are required to keep private. And we are told
to hide and protect our Social Security numbers while most of us don’t
hesitate when asked to write a cellphone number on a form or share it
with someone we barely know.
That
is a growing issue for young people, since two sets of digits may well
be with them for life: their Social Security number and their cellphone
number.
Nearly
half of all American households have given up their landlines and have
only wireless phone service — a figure that has risen more than 10
percentage points in just three years. Among people ages 25 to 29, the
share of homes that have only wireless phone service stands at 73
percent, according to government statistics.
Taylor
Gallanter, a 23-year-old hair stylist in San Francisco, has had her
cellphone number since she was 15. She has never had a landline and
doubts she ever will.
She
knows how valuable her cellphone number is. She does not provide it on
online forms unless it is required. Using her email address as contact
information, she said, seems less invasive and risky.
“With just your cellphone number and name, I know they can get all sorts of information about you,” Ms. Gallanter said.
In
fact, investigators find that a cellphone number is often even more
useful than a Social Security number because it is tied to so many
databases and is connected to a device you almost always have with you,
said Austin Berglas, a former F.B.I. agent who is senior managing
director of K2 Intelligence, a private investigator.
“The
point is the cellphone number can be a gateway to all sorts of other
information,” said Robert Schoshinski, the assistant director for
privacy and identity protection at the Federal Trade Commission. “People
should think about it.”
The use of the cellphone number in new, unanticipated ways has echoes in the history of the Social Security number,
which was created in 1936. Its original purpose was to enable the
nation’s nascent social insurance system to maintain accurate records of
workers covered under the program. It was never meant as a
general-purpose identification number.
Gradually,
the simplicity of using a unique number to identify people encouraged
the widespread use by other government agencies and corporations. That
took off starting in the 1960s, when mainframe computers made it
possible to create huge digital files on citizens and customers.
The
spread of the Social Security number as a quick and easy identifier,
found in all kinds of corporate and government databases, has smoothed
the way for commerce. But there have been unintended consequences.
“That Social Security numbers are so broadly used and often so poorly protected is a major cause of the current epidemic of identity theft,” said Alessandro Acquisti, a computer scientist and privacy expert at Carnegie Mellon University.
The total losses in the United States from stolen identities used in crimes like credit card and loan fraud were $15 billion last year,
Javelin, a research and consulting firm, estimated. And 11 percent of
American adults say they lost money last year in a telephone swindle, according to a Harris Poll survey sponsored by Truecaller, a Swedish maker of a cellphone app with features like caller ID and spam blocking.
But
if a cellphone number and the intimate computer behind it open a door
to new risks, technology, as is so often the case, can also be employed
to combat those risks.
Take
fraud prevention. When shoppers use Affirm, a start-up that offers an
alternative to credit cards for online purchases, the company’s software
mines many data sources and approves or rejects a loan within a minute
or so.
To
perform that feat of technical wizardry, Affirm asks borrowers for a
few pieces of personal information, including their names and dates of
birth.
But
the strongest identifier and conduit to useful information is the
cellphone number, which acts like “the digital equivalent of the Social
Security number,” said Max Levchin, chief executive of Affirm.
When
a customer of Affirm wants to get an installment loan to buy, say, an
$850 mattress or a $3,000 mountain bike, the company sends the person a
temporary personal identification number in a text message.
The
same form of authentication is widely used by banks, payment systems
like PayPal and other companies before certain transactions are
approved. The temporary ID numbers typically remain valid for only 30
seconds to 180 seconds, increasing the odds that the person trying to
borrow or buy is indeed the same person who owns the phone with that
number.
It’s
not foolproof, but if a cellphone is lost or stolen, it is typically
locked. It can be hacked into, but that takes a separate set of skills.
By contrast, a stolen Social Security number is a permanent pathway to
identity theft.
“What
you can do with the cellphone number and mobile technology represents a
pretty substantial advantage in the ongoing war against fraud and
identity theft,” said Rajeev Date, a venture investor and former banker,
who was previously deputy director of the Consumer Financial Protection
Bureau.
But
a cellphone-only life presents problems for many independent
professionals and workers at start-ups and small businesses, who make
business calls on their personal cellphones. So Ms. Gallanter, a partner
in a mobile barbershop in a van, became one of the five million people who have installed the new app Sideline this year to add a second number to their cellphones.
The
service is free for individuals and $10 a month a number for groups of
workers in a business, who get extra features like a company directory
and voice mail transcription. One of Sideline’s ad mottos is: “Keep your
personal number private. Add a second number to your smartphone.”
“This
gives you a second mobile identity, which more and more people need
today,” said Greg Woock, chief executive of Pinger, a start-up in San
Jose, Calif., that created the Sideline software and service.
Source: nytimes.com