Crowds in Rogers (Benton County) gathering for opening day of the first Wal-Mart; 1962.
Founded in 1962 by Sam Walton,
Wal-Mart, the world’s most profitable retail outlet, is also the
largest employer in the United States, with more than one million
employees (called “associates”) and thousands of stores worldwide. For
most of its history, it has been closely identified with its founder,
whose homespun image often belied the aggressive, innovative business
model he developed.
Born near Kingfisher, Oklahoma, on March 18, 1918, Walton grew up during the Depression, working on his family’s farm and at a number of other jobs. After graduating from the University of Missouri at Columbia, he took a job in Des Moines, Iowa, as a management trainee for clothing retailer J. C. Penney, earning seventy-five dollars a month. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Walton decided, in 1945, to open his own department store. Acquiring $20,000 in capital from his father-in-law, he purchased a Butler Brothers franchise store (Ben Franklin) in Newport (Jackson County). Though it would be another seventeen years before he established the first Wal-Mart outlet, the company’s eventual business practices were formulated during the 1940's and 1950's. Walton proved to be innovative in improving “throughput”—the tight control of inventory flow that is necessary to maximize profits. Walton maintained constantly stocked shelves and kept tabs on which items sold and which did not. He also began the practice of buying goods wholesale and selling them to consumers at discounted prices. This was the Wal-Mart method: offering low prices that spurred increased sales volume. It led to the company’s greater purchasing power, allowing Walton to wrangle ever more beneficial prices from manufacturers.
The success of his Newport outlet—which Walton later sold for a profit—led to the establishment of more stores. In 1950, “Walton’s 5 & 10” debuted in Bentonville (Benton County), a town that would eventually become the site of Wal-Mart’s corporate headquarters. Its proximity to Midwestern markets, such as Kansas City, proved especially beneficial. Walton continued to develop practices that today form the bedrock of Wal-Mart’s success. He scoured the region in an effort to lure away top managers from other retailers. He also introduced centrally located cash registers, allowing customers to purchase all their items at once. This replaced the comparatively inefficient method of having cash registers located throughout a store. Also during this period, Walton began to offer employee profit-sharing, engendering greater employee loyalty and production. Limited partners within company management were allowed to invest up to $1,000 in new stores.
The first Wal-Mart opened its doors in 1962 in Rogers (Benton County). Throughout the 1960's, the company opened new stores, concentrating initially on rural towns in which a new Wal-Mart would often become a community’s central retail outlet. In 1970, the company, now incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., opened its first distribution center and its home office, both located in Bentonville. In that year, Wal-Mart also made an initial public offering of its stock, which for the next two years was unlisted on a major exchange, and thus traded “over the counter.” In 1972, the company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange, where it began a rapid ascent in share value. By March of that year, Wal-Mart stock had undergone its first 100 percent split and was trading at forty-seven dollars per share. It split again later that year, and yet again in August 1975.
As Wal-Mart continued its rapid growth, it also made its first acquisition of other retail chains. In 1977, it purchased sixteen Mohr-Value stores in Michigan and Illinois and acquired Hutcheson Shoe Company the following year. By the end of the 1970s, Wal-Mart had expanded into a number of different services in its stores—selling pharmaceuticals, adding auto service centers, and introducing jewelry divisions. Such diversification quickly proved fruitful, as the company announced in 1979 that, for the first time, annual sales had reached more than $1 billion. As its stock continued to rise—splitting in 1980 and again in 1982—Wal-Mart built dozens of new outlets across the United States.
In 1983, Wal-Mart introduced several innovative changes and also opened its first Sam’s Clubs, wholesale stores that offered members the opportunity to purchase goods in bulk. As its stock soared to more than eighty dollars per share in late 1983, Wal-Mart acquired Woolco Stores, initiated its “People Greeter” program, and established one-hour photo labs within its outlets. By 1984, Wal-Mart had become a leader in the retail industry, and to celebrate the company meeting its fourth-quarter goals for the previous year, Walton fulfilled a promise made to shareholders by hula-dancing on Wall Street. He named David Glass as company president that same year. Under Glass’s leadership, Wal-Mart entered its most expansive and profitable period. Glass, who would be named Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in 1988, began a new phase in the company’s history, launching a massive expansion program resulting in hundreds of new stores over the next decade. Glass stepped down from his position as CEO in 2000, and was succeeded by H. Lee Scott Jr.
In 1988, the first Wal-Mart Supercenter opened, offering twenty-four-hour shopping, groceries, and, eventually, banking, gas stations, and McDonald’s fast food. By 1990, Wal-Mart sales had surpassed rivals such as Kmart and Target. In 1991, the company made its first foray into the international market, opening Club Aurrera in Mexico City. This would become the next phase of Wal-Mart’s strategy for success: expansion into foreign markets such as Europe, Asia, and South America. In 1996, the company gained access to lucrative emerging markets in China and South Korea. The following year, it replaced Woolworth on the Dow Jones Industrial Average, signaling its emergence as a significant force in the overall U.S. economy.
By the late 1990s, Wal-Mart had become the target of critics who charged that the company’s aggressive tactics hurt small businesses. Complaints also came from major manufacturers such as Rubbermaid, which claimed that Wal-Mart unfairly negotiated prices. In 2004, the company faced the largest class action suit in American history, as a group of female employees accused the company of discrimination against women in its promotion practices. Indeed, the critique of Wal-Mart developed, by 2005, into a torrent of complaints and accusations. Several books and documentaries charged the company with numerous violations of the law, including denying employees overtime pay, locking workers overnight in its stores, contributing to environmental degradation and suburban sprawl, and supporting Asian sweatshop labor. To combat increasing criticism, Wal-Mart launched an advertising campaign aimed at improving its image in early 2005. It also continued its considerable charitable contributions. Since 1998, Wal-Mart and the Walton Foundation have annually given in excess of $100 million to various causes. In the fall of 2005, Wal-Mart garnered media attention for its delivery of relief supplies to victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which devastated the Gulf Coast. In 2008, the company changed the spelling of its name to Walmart.
As of 2011, Walmart was the largest employer in the United States, and five members of the Walton family were among the ten wealthiest individuals in the nation. In 2010, Walmart, which operates in twenty-eight countries, brought in $419 billion in revenue.
Source: encyclopediaofarkansas
Born near Kingfisher, Oklahoma, on March 18, 1918, Walton grew up during the Depression, working on his family’s farm and at a number of other jobs. After graduating from the University of Missouri at Columbia, he took a job in Des Moines, Iowa, as a management trainee for clothing retailer J. C. Penney, earning seventy-five dollars a month. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Walton decided, in 1945, to open his own department store. Acquiring $20,000 in capital from his father-in-law, he purchased a Butler Brothers franchise store (Ben Franklin) in Newport (Jackson County). Though it would be another seventeen years before he established the first Wal-Mart outlet, the company’s eventual business practices were formulated during the 1940's and 1950's. Walton proved to be innovative in improving “throughput”—the tight control of inventory flow that is necessary to maximize profits. Walton maintained constantly stocked shelves and kept tabs on which items sold and which did not. He also began the practice of buying goods wholesale and selling them to consumers at discounted prices. This was the Wal-Mart method: offering low prices that spurred increased sales volume. It led to the company’s greater purchasing power, allowing Walton to wrangle ever more beneficial prices from manufacturers.
Wal-Mart Visitors Center in Bentonville (Benton County).
The success of his Newport outlet—which Walton later sold for a profit—led to the establishment of more stores. In 1950, “Walton’s 5 & 10” debuted in Bentonville (Benton County), a town that would eventually become the site of Wal-Mart’s corporate headquarters. Its proximity to Midwestern markets, such as Kansas City, proved especially beneficial. Walton continued to develop practices that today form the bedrock of Wal-Mart’s success. He scoured the region in an effort to lure away top managers from other retailers. He also introduced centrally located cash registers, allowing customers to purchase all their items at once. This replaced the comparatively inefficient method of having cash registers located throughout a store. Also during this period, Walton began to offer employee profit-sharing, engendering greater employee loyalty and production. Limited partners within company management were allowed to invest up to $1,000 in new stores.
The first Wal-Mart opened its doors in 1962 in Rogers (Benton County). Throughout the 1960's, the company opened new stores, concentrating initially on rural towns in which a new Wal-Mart would often become a community’s central retail outlet. In 1970, the company, now incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., opened its first distribution center and its home office, both located in Bentonville. In that year, Wal-Mart also made an initial public offering of its stock, which for the next two years was unlisted on a major exchange, and thus traded “over the counter.” In 1972, the company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange, where it began a rapid ascent in share value. By March of that year, Wal-Mart stock had undergone its first 100 percent split and was trading at forty-seven dollars per share. It split again later that year, and yet again in August 1975.
As Wal-Mart continued its rapid growth, it also made its first acquisition of other retail chains. In 1977, it purchased sixteen Mohr-Value stores in Michigan and Illinois and acquired Hutcheson Shoe Company the following year. By the end of the 1970s, Wal-Mart had expanded into a number of different services in its stores—selling pharmaceuticals, adding auto service centers, and introducing jewelry divisions. Such diversification quickly proved fruitful, as the company announced in 1979 that, for the first time, annual sales had reached more than $1 billion. As its stock continued to rise—splitting in 1980 and again in 1982—Wal-Mart built dozens of new outlets across the United States.
In 1983, Wal-Mart introduced several innovative changes and also opened its first Sam’s Clubs, wholesale stores that offered members the opportunity to purchase goods in bulk. As its stock soared to more than eighty dollars per share in late 1983, Wal-Mart acquired Woolco Stores, initiated its “People Greeter” program, and established one-hour photo labs within its outlets. By 1984, Wal-Mart had become a leader in the retail industry, and to celebrate the company meeting its fourth-quarter goals for the previous year, Walton fulfilled a promise made to shareholders by hula-dancing on Wall Street. He named David Glass as company president that same year. Under Glass’s leadership, Wal-Mart entered its most expansive and profitable period. Glass, who would be named Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in 1988, began a new phase in the company’s history, launching a massive expansion program resulting in hundreds of new stores over the next decade. Glass stepped down from his position as CEO in 2000, and was succeeded by H. Lee Scott Jr.
In 1988, the first Wal-Mart Supercenter opened, offering twenty-four-hour shopping, groceries, and, eventually, banking, gas stations, and McDonald’s fast food. By 1990, Wal-Mart sales had surpassed rivals such as Kmart and Target. In 1991, the company made its first foray into the international market, opening Club Aurrera in Mexico City. This would become the next phase of Wal-Mart’s strategy for success: expansion into foreign markets such as Europe, Asia, and South America. In 1996, the company gained access to lucrative emerging markets in China and South Korea. The following year, it replaced Woolworth on the Dow Jones Industrial Average, signaling its emergence as a significant force in the overall U.S. economy.
By the late 1990s, Wal-Mart had become the target of critics who charged that the company’s aggressive tactics hurt small businesses. Complaints also came from major manufacturers such as Rubbermaid, which claimed that Wal-Mart unfairly negotiated prices. In 2004, the company faced the largest class action suit in American history, as a group of female employees accused the company of discrimination against women in its promotion practices. Indeed, the critique of Wal-Mart developed, by 2005, into a torrent of complaints and accusations. Several books and documentaries charged the company with numerous violations of the law, including denying employees overtime pay, locking workers overnight in its stores, contributing to environmental degradation and suburban sprawl, and supporting Asian sweatshop labor. To combat increasing criticism, Wal-Mart launched an advertising campaign aimed at improving its image in early 2005. It also continued its considerable charitable contributions. Since 1998, Wal-Mart and the Walton Foundation have annually given in excess of $100 million to various causes. In the fall of 2005, Wal-Mart garnered media attention for its delivery of relief supplies to victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which devastated the Gulf Coast. In 2008, the company changed the spelling of its name to Walmart.
As of 2011, Walmart was the largest employer in the United States, and five members of the Walton family were among the ten wealthiest individuals in the nation. In 2010, Walmart, which operates in twenty-eight countries, brought in $419 billion in revenue.
Source: encyclopediaofarkansas
