See Rock City

See Rock City

Wednesday, December 3, 2008

Slidell, LA

Holiday Cheer

Slidell loves to spread the holiday magic with beautiful displays throughout the city.

Slidell (pronounced /slˈaɪdɛl/) is a city situated on the northeast shore of Lake Pontchartrain in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 25,695 at the 2000 census. The Greater Slidell Community has a population of about 90,000. It is part of the New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Beginning,

John Slidell

Slidell was founded on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in 1882 and 1883 during construction of the New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad (N.O.N.E.). The N.O.N.E. line connected New Orleans to Meridian, Mississippi. The town was named in honor of American politician John Slidell, and officially chartered by the Louisiana State Legislature in 1888.

Heritage Park

A favorite spot in Slidell is Heritage Park! Families can spend an afternoon picnicing, playing on the playground, walking, boating or enjoying one of the many festivals and events that take place here.

Slidell, Louisiana was founded around 1882 during construction of a major new railroad from New Orleans to Meridian, Mississippi, connecting there with Cincinnati, Ohio and eventually with New York, NY. The New Orleans and Northeastern (n.o.n.e.) Railroad established a building camp at first high ground north of Lake Pontchartrain which eventually grew into the city. Slidell was chartered as a town in 1888 by the Louisiana legislature.

Sometime prior to Slidell’s formal incorporation in 1888, its first streets were laid out in a grid pattern, mostly east of the railroad, running three blocks along the road by four blocks deep. Bonfouca Street, now Bayou Lane, lay in the short stretch between the railroad and the bayou. East of the tracks, the north-south streets were Bayou (now Front), First, Second, Third and Fourth. The east-west streets were Fremaux, Erlanger, Bouscaren and Cousin.

Meet the Press

Four of the area's youngest "reporters" sent this note to Mayor Ben O. Morris.

Erlanger, slightly wider than the others and designated as an avenue, was named by Baron Frederick Erlanger, head of the banking syndicate which financed the railway. Baron Erlanger named the town for his deceased father-in-law, John Slidell, who had been a prominent state, national and confederate political figure. Col. Leon J. Fremaux, a prominent Louisiana engineer and planner, drew the original plans for Slidell and named Fremaux Avenue for himself. Bouscaren Street was named for G. Bouscaren, the chief engineering officer of the railroad. Cousin Street took its name from the locally prominent Cousin family.

View of First Street in the early 1900's

In the thirty or so years after its founding, Slidell developed a creosote plant, one of the country’s largest brick manufacturing facilities, a large lumber mill and a shipyard. The Slidell shipyard contributed significantly to the national effort in both World Wars. Slidell residents worked in New Orleans ship, tank and airplane construction during World War II.

Swing Time

The Slidell Community Playground is one of the most popular parks in Slidell.

In the 1960’s, Slidell began to assume its modern profile as the middle of three local sites in NASA’s lunar landing program: Michoud assembly facility in New Orleans, the computer facility in Slidell, and the Mississippi test facility in Hancock County, Mississippi.

Bayou Jamming!

Sunday Bayou Jam concerts in Heritage Park are fun for the young and the young at heart.

Slidell is located at the southeastern tip of St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana's famous Ozone Belt. It is about three miles from the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain and is surrounded by rivers and bayous. The largest municipality in the parish, Slidell has grown from a population of 364 in 1890 to 24,142 in 1990; Slidell's 1999 population is estimated to be 32,000. Today, Slidell continues to deal with urban planning and growth, of preserving a sense of present and past, while accommodating an ever increasing number of residents.

Slidell Train Station

Station Master Eugene Neuhauser (third from left) standing in front of the original Slidell Train Station in the late 19th Century. The station was located on the west side of the railroad tracks between Maine and Pennsylvania Streets.

OLDE TOWNE SLIDELL

Slidell...There is Something for Everyone!

Slidell is located in Southeastern Louisiana just north of New Orleans and west of the Mississippi Gulf Coast, two areas known for great entertainment. As part of St. Tammany Parish, Slidell boasts a flourishing business community, ample social calendar, and a nationally ranked school system. Slidell enjoys many community activities such as the Fourth of July fair and fireworks extravaganza, Mardi Gras parades and balls, the annual St. Tammany Parish Trade Fair, theatrical performances, and much more.



One of Slidell's best known features is its exquisite Antique District, which sponsors an Antique Street Fair in April and October. Contact them by calling 985-641-6316. Slidell also attracts marine lovers, as it borders Lake Pontchartrain and features beautiful marinas. Don’t forget about the food! Slidell features an abundance of extraordinary restaurants specializing in everything from local Cajun and Creole favorites to exotic cuisine's from across the world. There is something for everyone here in fair Slidell.

King Kahuna!

City of Slidell mayor, Ben Morris, and the "Hula Girls" enjoying the Louisiana Philharmonic outdoor concert in May.

In the 1880's, there was no easy way to transport goods from New Orleans to points north. It was either go up the Mississippi River or ferry across Lake Pontchartrain - only to be faced with the slow trek across the Honey Island Swamp. Then came the railroad, catalyst for Slidell's growth in the late 1800s. It provided access to and from New Orleans for all points north, and 19th century Slidell, the area now known as Olde Towne, experienced a period of stable growth as a new transportation era began.

The Old Jail

Our old jail, now the Slidell Museum, displays the history of our city.

Stores, hotels and saloons (as many as 14 operated on Front Street above Fremaux Avenue) provided for the needs of the growing community. Later, when automobiles became the mode of travel, U.S. Highway 11, running next to the railroad, brought many travelers through Slidell on their way to the Gulf Coast, Birmingham and beyond. As companies such as St. Joe Brickwork's and Southern Shipbuilding attracted more workers, Slidell grew to the point that, at one time, a two-story merchandise store was built for Salmen Company employees to buy goods with "scrip" they got as pay. In the early decades of this century the railroad was ideal transportation for the logging industry, as the woodlands north of Lake Pontchartrain became more accessible. Many roads leading east from Front Street (and the rail line), like Gause Road and Brown's Switch Road, were originally light rail lines that ended at the Pearl River Swamp and its seemingly endless supply of cypress trees. Slidell continued to grow, and as subdivisions popped up in the '50s, so did commuters, many taking the bus across the Highway 11 bridge to New Orleans. Then came the interstate highway system in the mid-'60s. US 11 (Front Street) and the railroad aren't used as much for shipping or travel anymore. The result: What had for so long been Downtown was becoming Olde Towne.



The years since then have brought more subdivisions, shopping centers and commuters, and more business development along the arteries leading to the interstate. With the rapid growth of the city - its complexion changed by urbanization - Olde Towne's heartbeat slowed. But there is now a concerted effort by several groups to revitalize and preserve this important part of Slidell's history. The Olde Towne Merchants' Association has been integral in re-establishing this area as historically significant and economically viable. The committed citizens of this association have sponsored many projects such as the St. Patrick's Day Parade, Newspapers in Education, Adopt-A-School, Olde Towne Maps, The Olde Towne Merchants Newsletter, and more. Its all-volunteer governing board's accomplishments are easy to see when you're in the Olde Towne area: the Olde Towne logo created by local artists; banners; the old style lampposts and benches on First Street; additional lighting; and designation as part of the 13-parish Louisiana Scenic Byways route. Other projects that the corporation has accomplished are not as visible but just as vital. Its executive director acts as a liaison between the corporation and the community and develops working relationships with other associations and organizations interested in Olde Towne development. It has established the Olde Towne Preservation District and created a low-interest loan pool for facade improvements to non-residential property. The corporation also implemented a tax reduction program to entice investment.

Colorful Dancers!

A group of colorful young dancers entertain in Heritage Park during the KidsFest Art Festival in June.

The corporation's Olde Towne Preservation District Advisory Com-mission reviews building plans and assists property owners interested in pursuing investment tax credits for historic rehabilitation's. It has applied for the city of Slidell to become a Nationally Certified Local Government, which would allow it to receive grants from State Historic Preservation Offices, participate in nominations to the National Register of Historic Places, and to participate in other statewide preservation programs and planning. It has formed the Economic Development Committee, which is dedicated to strengthening the economic environment of Olde Towne and maintaining an inventory of existing businesses and buildings. A five-year plan has been developed for more capital improvements as well as an ongoing Dedication Program for acceptance of donations of lampposts and benches throughout the Olde Towne area. Its Ways and Means Committee directs events such as the Olde Towne Cochon de Lait and a Celebrity Roast.

Pampas Grass

A shot of nature flourishing on the Northshore.

Projects currently under development are: a marketing campaign; a brochure promoting tourism; a walking tour brochure and home tour development; a retail leasing plan and recruitment; interstate highway exit signs; and in-city marker signs designating the boundaries of Olde Towne. There are also hopes for an upscale retail development, a farmer's market, a performing arts center, a waterfront park, a railroad museum, bayou tours, commuter parking and rail service.

Stone Bridge

A shot of the old stone bridge.

Olde Towne is striving to experience activity reminiscent of the late 1800s. Already, its "Antique Row," beautiful old homes, and historic flavor are attracting shoppers and tourists from the surrounding communities. With continuing effort by the Olde Towne Merchants Association, the Olde Towne Development Corporation, other area organizations and Slidell residents, Olde Towne will enter the 21st century with a firm anchor in the past and an eye to the future.

Stone Angel

An example of the beautiful classic statuary found in the south.

Marie Ricca Lasecki, Olde Towne Development Corp., Special Projects, contributed to this story. It was compiled and written by Chamber of Commerce staff.

Beautiful Music

A recent concert performed by the Louisiana Philharmonic in Heritage Park. Keep your eye out for this yearly event.

Twentieth Century,

Around 1910, Slidell began a period of economic and industrial growth. A large creosote plant was built, and Slidell became home to St Joe's, a major producer of bricks. A lumber mill and shipyard were also built. Following the construction of Interstate 10, Interstate 59 and Interstate 12, Slidell became a major crossroads for those traversing the Gulf States.

The city of Slidell celebrated its centennial in 1988

In 1915 the creosote plant burned to the ground killing 55 workers and 3 firefighters. The plant was rebuilt on Bayou Lane, closer to a water source and closer to a fire station. Eventually, creosote polluted the bayou which was a source of drinking water for many of Slidell's residents. The creosote plant was abandoned in 1986 and then became an EPA Superfund site. The canal was dredged and waste incinerated until completion of the cleanup in 1996. At that time a boat launch was built and Heritage Park was constructed on the former site.

Come Sail Away!

A shot of one of the many beautiful marinas in Slidell. Bordering Lake Pontchartrain, Slidell is perfect for the boating or sailing enthusiast.

Superfund is the common name for the United States environmental policy officially known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9601–9675), enacted by the United States Congress on December 11, 1980 in response to the Love Canal disaster. The Superfund law was created to protect people, families, communities and others from heavily contaminated toxic waste sites that have been abandoned.

Workers in hazmat suits check the status of a cleanup site

After its initial passage, the Reagan administration appointed Rita Lavelle, a former hazardous waste-producing company employee, as Superfund's administrator. Due to delays introduced by her industry-favorable policies[citation needed], and a dramatic shortage of necessary funds, very little was accomplished in hazardous waste regulation until her resignation, the resignation of EPA administrator Anne Burford, and the passage of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act in 1986. These amendments increased the funding of Superfund to $9 billion and provided for studies and the use of new technologies.

Fun on the Playground

The playground at Heritage Park is a great spot for children!

Superfund provides broad federal authority to clean up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. There are currently 1,240 sites listed on the Superfund National Priority List, an additional 317 have been delisted, and 61 new sites have been proposed.

Bayou Setting

A quiet afternoon on the bayou bordering Heritage Park.

Approximately 70% of Superfund cleanup activities historically have been paid for by parties responsible (PRPs) for the cleanup of contamination. The only time cleanup costs are not borne by the responsible party is when that party either can not be found or is unable to pay for the cleanup. For those sites, the Superfund law originally paid for toxic waste cleanups through a tax on petroleum and chemical industries. The chemical and petroleum fees were intended to provide incentives to use less toxic substances. Over five years, $1.6 billion was collected, and the tax went to a trust fund for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The last full fiscal year in which the Department of the Treasury collected the tax was FY1995. At the end of FY1996, the invested trust fund balance was $6.0 billion. This fund was exhausted by the end of FY2003; since that time funding for these orphan shares has been appropriated by Congress out of general revenues.

Michoud Assembly Facility in 1968

With the advent of the U.S. space program in the 1960s, NASA opened the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans,

The Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) is an 832-acre (3.4-km²) site owned by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and located in Eastern New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is used for the construction of the Space Shuttle's External Tanks by its lead contractor Lockheed Martin. It is one of the largest manufacturing plants in the world with 43 acres (174,000 m²) under one roof and it employs approximately 2000 people.

History,

The facility was originally constructed in 1940 at the village of Michoud, Louisiana by the United States government for the war production during World War II to make plywood cargo planes and landing craft. During the Korean War it made engines for Sherman and Patton tanks.

Stages of a Saturn V rocket being assembled at Michoud.

It came under the management of NASA in 1961 and was used for the construction of the S-IC first stage of the Saturn V rocket and the S-IB first stage of the Saturn IB rocket. It is home to the first stage of the last constructed Saturn V, SA-515. The Michoud Assembly Facility is most closely associated with the construction and production of NASA's External Tank (ET) program.

Hurricane Katrina,

The facility was damaged by Hurricane Katrina, with all shifts initially cancelled up to September 26, 2005, potentially setting back further Shuttle flights. All the buildings and the shuttle hardware within survived the hurricane without grave damage, but the roof of the main building was breached and debris damaged one of the fuel tanks stored inside. On September 16, 2005 NASA announced that the repairs were progressing faster than anticipated, and so they would continue to use Michoud for external tank work. On October 3, 2005, the facility officially reopened for essential personnel, though some key personnel had returned earlier. On October 31, 2005, the facility reopened to all personnel. Approximately 30 Lockheed Martin employees stayed behind during Hurricane Katrina to man the pumping systems and more than likely were the reason that the Michoud Facility suffered very little damage. These employees were awarded one of NASA's highest bravery awards.

Other and future activities,

The Michoud Assembly Facility also houses other organizations such as the National Finance Center operated by the United States Department of Agriculture, the United States Coast Guard, and the National Center for Advanced Manufacturing, a partnership between the state of Louisiana, the University of New Orleans, and NASA.

Fanciful Sculpture

A recent showing of kinetic sculpture at the Slidell Cultural Arts Center.

NASA plans to use the Michoud Assembly Facility to build the structure of the Orion spacecraft, the Ares I Upper Stage, and the Ares V Core Stage.

Rocket engine test stand at Stennis Space Center

The John C. Stennis Space Center in nearby Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and a NASA computer center on Gause Boulevard. This nearly tripled Slidell's population over a period of ten years, and the city became a major suburb of New Orleans.



Slidell is also the location of the National Weather Service forecast office for greater New Orleans.

Hurricane Katrina

The city hosts several parade krewes each Carnival season. Slidell suffered extensive damage from the effects of Hurricane Katrina which hit the region on August 29, 2005. The city is said to have experienced a 23' - 26' storm surge from Lake Pontchartrain.

Graceful Solitude

A commonly seen friend in Slidell, the snow-white egret.

Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest, in the history of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the sixth strongest overall. Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding there before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico. The storm weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 storm on the morning of Monday, August 29 in southeast Louisiana. It caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge. The most severe loss of life and property damage occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed, in many cases hours after the storm had moved inland. The federal flood protection system in New Orleans failed at more than fifty places. Nearly every levee in metro New Orleans was breached as Hurricane Katrina passed just east of the city limits. Eventually 80% of the city became flooded and also large tracts of neighboring parishes, and the floodwaters lingered for weeks. At least 1,836 people lost their lives in the actual hurricane and in the subsequent floods, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane. The storm is estimated to have been responsible for $81.2 billion (2005 U.S. dollars) in damage, making it the costliest tropical cyclone in U.S. history.

Antiques Row

A photograph looking down Slidell's famous 'Antiques Row' shopping district.

The levee failures prompted investigations of their design and construction which belongs solely to the US Army Corps of Engineers as mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965. There was also an investigation of the responses from federal, state and local governments, resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency director Michael D. Brown. Conversely, the National Hurricane Center and National Weather Service were widely commended for accurate forecasts and abundant lead time. Three years later, thousands of displaced residents in Mississippi and Louisiana were still living in trailers.

Transportation,





Amtrak's daily Crescent connects Slidell with New York City; Philadelphia, PA; Baltimore, MD; Washington, D.C.; Charlotte, NC; Atlanta, GA; Birmingham, AL and New Orleans, LA. The Amtrak station is situated on Front Street.



Slidell is located on the southwest corner of the intersection of I-10, I-12 and I-59and U.S. Highway 11. The I-10 Twin Span Bridge runs from Slidell over Lake Pontchartrain to New Orleans East.

The I-10 Twin Spans should not be confused with the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, which crosses Lake Pontchartrain between Metairie, Louisiana and Mandeville, Louisiana.

The I-10 Twin Span Bridge, known locally as the Twin Spans, consists of two parallel trestle bridges. These parallel bridges cross the eastern end of Lake Pontchartrain in southern Louisiana from New Orleans, Louisiana to Slidell, Louisiana. The bridges were opened at a short ceremony on December 21, 1965 and are each constructed with 433 65-foot concrete segments.

Twin Span Bridge Replacement Project

The Interstate 10 Twin Span Bridge across Lake Pontchartrain sustained serious damage from Hurricane Katrina. Construction of a new $800 million replacement bridge is underway.

The new bridge will consist of two parallel structures, each wide enough for three travel lanes, with 12-foot shoulders on each side. The westbound bridge is scheduled for completion in late 2009. The eastbound bridge is slated to open two years later.

Rather than using the airport codes of ASD and KASD for the existing Slidell Airport, or NEW and KNEW for the original New Orleans Lakefront Airport, or even MSY and KMSY for the Louis Armstrong International Airport, NWSFO Slidell uses IATA airport code "LIX" and ICAO airport code "KLIX" despite not corresponding to any actual airport.

Famous Slidellians,

Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown: world-famous multi-instrumentalist and Grammy Award winner (1924-2005),

Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown (April 18, 1924 — September 10, 2005[1]) was a Louisiana and Texan American blues musician.

He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments such as guitar, fiddle, mandolin, viola as well as harmonica and drums. He won a Grammy Award for Traditional Blues in 1983 for his album, Alright Again!

Tony Canzoneri: world boxing champion,

Tony Canzoneri (November 6, 1908—December 9, 1959) was an American boxer who was born in the town of Slidell, Louisiana.

Canzoneri, an Italian American, was one of the members of the exclusive group of boxing world champions who have won titles in three or more divisions.

Chris Duhon: former Duke University point guard and current New York Knicks reserve point guard; helped Duke to the 2001 NCAA men's basketball championship.

Chris Nicholas Duhon (born August 31, 1982, in Mamou, Louisiana) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the NBA. Duhon was a point guard for the Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team from 2000 to 2004 and the Chicago Bulls from 2004 to 2008.

The Residents: secretive avant-garde music group (who originally claimed to be from Shreveport). The Residents in their iconic "eyeball" masks

The Residents is an American avant-garde music and visual arts group who have created over sixty albums, created numerous musical short films, designed three CD-ROM projects and ten DVDs, and undertaken seven major world tours. Throughout their career, spanning nearly four decades, they have successfully maintained complete anonymity.

Mike Fontenot: 2nd baseman for Chicago Cubs. Played college baseball at Louisiana State University.

Michael Eugene "Mike" Fontenot (born June 9, 1980 in Slidell, Louisiana) is a Major League Baseball infielder for the Chicago Cubs.

High school career,

Mike Fontenot was a standout for Salmen High School in Slidell, Louisiana. After his Senior year, he was drafted in the 21st round (625th overall) of the 1999 MLB Amateur Entry Draft by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, but chose to attend Louisiana State University on a baseball scholarship instead of going professional.

College career,

Mike Fontenot attended Louisiana State University. Fontenot received National Freshman of the Year recognition as LSU's starting second baseman, batting .353 (103-for-292) with 13 doubles, three triples, 17 home runs, 64 RBI, 93 runs, and eight steals. He became the third LSU player to win National Freshman of the Year award, following second baseman Todd Walker (1992) and pitcher Brett Laxton (1993). Fontenot's 17 home runs set an LSU freshman record, surpassing the previous mark of 15 established by Blair Barbier in 1997.

In 2000, he was named to the NCAA Baton Rouge Regional all-tournament team, hitting .400 (6-for-15) with two doubles, one home run, five RBI, and five runs scored. He was named to the College World Series all-tournament team as he hit a team-best .462 (6-for-13) with two doubles, one home run, two RBI, and six runs scored. He, along with Chicago Cubs teammate Ryan Theriot, was a member of the LSU Tigers baseball team that won the 2000 College World Series. The second baseman was LSU's leading hitter in the NCAA Baseball Tournament, batting .432 (16-for-37) in nine games with four doubles, two home runs and nine RBI.

Professional career,

Fontenot was again chosen in the 1st round (19th overall) of the 2001 MLB Amateur Entry Draft by the Baltimore Orioles. Fontenot signed with the Orioles, garnering a $1,300,000.00 signing bonus as part of the deal. As part of the Orioles' farm system, Fontenot played for the Frederick Keys of the High-A Carolina League (2002), the Bowie Baysox of the AA Eastern League (2003), and the Ottawa Lynx of the AAA International League (2004).

On February 3, 2005, Fontenot was traded to the Chicago Cubs along with 2B/OF Jerry Hairston, Jr. and RHP Dave Crouthers for slugger Sammy Sosa. Fontenot is the only remaining player from that trade that is still with the Cubs. As part of the Cubs' farm system, Fontenot played for the Iowa Cubs of the AAA Pacific Coast League (2005-2007).

Fontenot made his Major League debut with the Cubs on April 13, 2005. In seven games with the team, he went 0-for-2 with 2 walks and 4 runs scored. Fontenot did not return to the Cubs until May 15, 2007, when he was promoted from AAA to replace relief pitcher Rocky Cherry. After a fast start, including finishing second in the National League Rookie of the Month voting for June 2007, he is now the Cubs' backup second baseman. He wears Mark Grace's old number, 17. Cubs fans refer to him as "Fonte-yes", when he has a good play or at-bat. Len Kasper and Bob Brenly refer to Fontenot and his former LSU teammate Ryan Theriot as "the bayou boys" or "bayou bashers". Fans have also referred to him as "Swamp Thing" due to his Louisianan background. Ron Santo, color commentator on WGN-AM, calls him "Little Babe Ruth", on local radio he is referred to as "The Pocket Rocket".

John Besh: Chef and owner of LaProvence Restaurant, Restaurant August and Luke. Recently was a finalist on the Food Network show Iron Chef America.

John Besh is the owner and executive chef at Restaurant August in New Orleans, Louisiana (twice on Gourmet Magazine’s list of Best Restaurants), and owns three other restaurants: La Provence, Lüke, and Besh Steak (located in Harrah's New Orleans Casino). He is working on his first solo-authored cookbook, Ma Louisianne.

Biography,

Besh was born in Meridian, Mississippi, and raised in southern Louisiana. He loved to hunt and also fish. John graduated from Pope John Paul II high school, in Slidell, Louisiana. He studied at the Culinary Institute of America, graduating in 1992. In the early 1990s, he was a non-commissioned officer (NCO) in Operation Desert Storm in the Mideast, serving on active duty with the Marine Corps Reserves for 10 months, and led a squad in the company that liberated Kuwait International Airport. He studied in Germany with Karl Josef Fuchs at the Michelin-starred Romantik Hotel Spielweg. Besh has also studied in the south of France with Alain Assaud.

Career,

Besh was named one of the Ten Best New Chefs in America by Food & Wine in 1999. In 2006, he won the James Beard Foundation Award for Best Chef in the Southeast. He worked closely with local food producers, such as Chicory Farm, which led to his relationship with the future proprietors of Nova Scotia's Trout Point Lodge. He opened Restaurant August in 2001 in Central Business District, New Orleans. Since then he has opened two more restaurants: Lüke and Besh Steak. When his mentor, Chris Kerageorgiou, died in 2006, Besh took over La Provence, the restaurant Kerageorgiou had founded.

John Besh, one of the top chefs in New Orleans, before and after Hurricane Katrina, has four restaurants: Restaurant August, Besh Steak at Harrah’s Casino, La Provence and Lüke, a brasserie. In 2006, Mr. Besh won the James Beard Award as the best chef in the Southeast. Also that year, on the television program “Iron Chef America,” he bested the renowned Mario Batali in head-to-head culinary combat in “Battle Andouille” sausage. Mr. Besh was a finalist in the competition on the Food Network to become "The Next Iron Chef," finishing second to Michael Symon.

The 2007 Zagat Guide named Restaurant August as No. 1 in New Orleans for both food and service.

Mr. Besh’s cooking style has been described as “freewheeling international,” with an emphasis on local ingredients. Restaurant August, his flagship, was one of the first restaurants to reopen after the hurricane, and he has been strongly involved in efforts to help the victims of Katrina. He has championed a renewed appreciation (often with modern variations) of local Cajun and Creole cooking, saying he considers them essential to the survival of the city’s cultural heritage. “We’re taking old recipes and bringing them back to life,” he was quoted as saying.

J Juvenile: famous southern rapper, whose home was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.

Rich Clementi: Mixed martial arts fighter and UFC veteran who trains and resides in Slidell.

Richard Thomas "No Love" Clementi (born March 31, 1976) is an American mixed martial arts fighter. He currently fights as a lightweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Mixed martial arts career,

Clementi was featured as a welterweight on The Ultimate Fighter 4, losing his preliminary bout against Shonie Carter by unanimous decision. Clementi had only made one previous appearance in the UFC, losing by submission to Yves Edwards at UFC 41.

Although Clementi did not secure a slot in the finals of The Ultimate Fighter 4, he appeared on the undercard of the season finale as a lightweight, losing by rear naked choke submission to Din Thomas.

Clementi secured his first victory in the UFC via rear naked choke submission against Ross Pointon at UFC Fight Night 8, although the fight was not aired during the broadcast.

More recently, Clementi defeated Anthony Johnson at UFC 76 via rear naked choke submission. Clementi took the fight on only a few weeks notice. With the win, Clementi improved his UFC record to 2-3. He won his next fight by a submission at UFC 79 against Melvin Guillard at 4:40 in the first round. The Guillard fight was controversial when Clementi made an obscene gesture by standing up and thrusting his pelvis after Guillard tapped.[1]. After the obscene gesture, Guillard was restrained as he attempted to fight Clementi again [2].

Rich Clementi racked up another victory in an under card event at UFC 83. He defeated Sam Stout by split decision. The official judges scored the bout 29-27, 29-28 for Clementi and 29-28 for Stout.

Clementi's next fight was a unanimous decision over Terry Etim on the Preliminary Card of UFC 84. Clementi has won four straight UFC Pay Per View fights, and six consecutive.

On Saturday October 25th at UFC 90, Clementi was defeated by Gray Maynard by unanimous decision.

Personal life,

Rich spent eight years in the military with the Navy Seabees and was mobilized as a reservist after 9/11. He also runs "Rich Clementi's Gladiator Gym" in his hometown of Slidell, Louisiana.

Terius Gray (born March 25, 1975), also known by his stage name Juvenile, is an American rapper. At the age of 19, he began recording raps, releasing his debut album Being Myself in 1994. The album gave name to the southern rap style known as "bounce". The album was followed by Solja Rags in 1997; its underground popularity led to the major-label release of 400 Degreez in 1998. After releasing Tha G-Code in 1999 and Project English in 2001, Juvenile left Cash Money Records.

In 2003, he returned to Cash Money to record Juve the Great, spawning the number-one hit "Slow Motion". In 2006, he was signed to Atlantic Records, releasing his latest album Reality Check under that label.



400 Degreez is the third hip hop album by New Orleans-based rapper Juvenile, released on June 9, 1998 (see 1998 in music). The album received rave reviews and introduced Juvenile to mainstream hip hop listeners.

Two singles, "Ha" and "Back That Azz Up" became hip hop hits in the United States, although "Back That Azz Up" was the only one that managed to cross over and become a pop hit as well. The album was a #2 hit on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums and peaked at #9 on the Billboard 200. "Follow Me Now" was also a single, but did not catch on as the other two did. As a single, "Back That Azz Up" was released, credited, and charted as the more censored "Back That Thang Up". Also the album features a bonus remix of the single "Ha" with New York rapper Jay-Z, the only guest appearance outside of Cash Money. The album was also released in an edited/clean version, which strongly removes most of the profanities used on the album. The censored version got very negative attention, because of why it did so. The explicit version of the album still contained minor editing in the song "Welcome 2 Tha Nolia". The words "pistol" and "cock" are censored out by backmasking.

Music career,

After beginning his rap performing career in his teenage years, Juvenile released his first album Being Myself in 1994, giving way to the southern "bounce" rap style, similar in nature to the sound that Master P and No Limit Records were performing at the time. In 1997, Solja Rags, Juvenile's debut with Cash Money Records, became popular among underground rap audiences.[1] Thus, Juvenile's next album 400 Degreez was re-released in 1998 with joint distribution by Universal Records, spawning his first single "Ha" and later "Back That Azz Up", both of which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts.[3] However, there came a dispute over who owned the rights to the title of the song, as another New Orleans performer DJ Jubilee claimed that Juvenile's song sounded very similar to a song of his. In January 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans denied the case.

In 1999, capitalizing off Juvenile's popularity off 400 Degreez, a remixed version of Being Myself and reissue of Solja Rags were released. Two more albums under Cash Money were released, Tha G-Code in 1999 and Project English in 2001. Juvenile left Cash Money Records in 2002 to join a new label UTP Records. In the summer of that year, he was arrested for assaulting his barber over charges that the barber was bootlegging his music.

He was arrested January 2003 in New Orleans on drug charges. The next month, he was sentenced to 75 hours of community service for a fight outside a nightclub in Miami, Florida from 2001. Juvenile returned to Cash Money in 2003 to release Juve the Great. It contained the number-one hit "Slow Motion" featuring Soulja Slim, which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the week of August 7, 2004[8], being the first number-one hit for both Juvenile and Slim, who died in November 2003.

In 2005, Juvenile and his UTP crew went on to create the hit song "Nolia Clap" produced by Donald "XL" Robertson, and Juvenile was able to use this as leverage in getting a new deal for himself and UTP at Atlantic Records. In June of that year, he performed his song "Booty Language" from the soundtrack to the film Hustle and Flow at a party in West Hollywood, California. However, Juvenile's Slidell, Louisiana home was damaged but not destroyed in Hurricane Katrina near the end of the summer. In the aftermath of the hurricane, he worked with fellow New Orleans rapper Master P and other hip hop artists to raise funds and supplies for the victims of the hurricane. Thus, he moved to Atlanta to live until the spring of 2006, when he moved back to New Orleans.

Reality Check, Juvenile's 2006 album, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, being his first number-one album. Production began in May 2005, most of it being done at a Holiday Inn hotel room in New Orleans. Its first single was "Animal", followed by "Rodeo", "Get Ya Hustle On" produced by Donald "XL" Robertson, "What's Happenin'", and "Way I Be Leanin'" featuring Mike Jones, Paul Wall, Skip, and Wacko. On signing to Atlantic, Juvenile criticized his former label Cash Money for not giving him enough creative freedoms as well as FEMA over his perceptions over their handling of Hurricane Katrina. Shaheem Reid noted "Get Ya Hustle On" as a criticism of the George W. Bush administration.

Juvenile had been set to return from a hiatus in 2008, but following the death of his daughter in February 2008, has taken further time off. Also, produced a track on Ludacris's upcoming album.

Matt Forte: Running back for Chicago Bears. Played at Tulane University and Slidell High School.

Matthew Garrett Forté (born December 10, 1985 in Lake Charles, Louisiana) is an American football running back for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Bears in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tulane.

Early years,

Forté attended Slidell High School in Slidell, Louisiana and was an honor student and a letterman in football and track. In football, he was a two-time All-District and All-Parish selection, and as a senior, he was also named the team's Most Valuable Player, won All-Metro honors, was named the District 5-5A Offensive M.V.P., was named the Saint Tammany Parish Player of the Year, and garnered second team All-State honors. Matthew Garrett Forté graduated from Slidell High School in 2004.

College career,

Forté played NCAA Division I college football at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, a member of Conference USA. Forté lettered for four years and played for 3while pursuing a degree in finance. His junior year was cut short when he suffered an injury in the game against Marshall University. His standout season was his senior year, coming off a knee injury, he rushed for 2,127 yards and 23 touchdowns. He had five 200+ yard rushing games and two 300+ yard games during the 2007 season. Forté was the only non-BCS athlete to be a semifinalist for both the Maxwell and Doak Walker Awards and to make the Walter Camp Player of the Year List, and one of just 3 players nationally to be named to all three lists.

Professional Career - Chicago Bears,

The Chicago Bears drafted Forté in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft as the forty-fourth overall selection. He was originally drafted to compete with Cedric Benson and Adrian Peterson for the team's starting running back position. However, Benson was released from the Bears after struggling with legal issues, leaving Forté to compete with Peterson and second-year running back Garrett Wolfe. Forté made his regular season debut on September 7, 2008, against the Indianapolis Colts. He carried the ball 23 times for 123 yards (setting a franchise record for most yards gained in a running back debut) and one touchdown en route to a 29-13 victory over the Colts. His efforts earned him Sunday Night Football’s “Horse Trailer Player of the Game” award. As of week 14, he has amassed 1,081 yards rushing and 395 yards receiving with 10 total touchdowns (6 rushing, 4 Receiving).

Forté became the first Chicago Bears running back to rush for over 1,000 yards in their rookie season since Anthony Thomas rushed for 1,183 yards in 2001. He is third in the NFL in yards from scrimmage (Rushing and Receiving) with 1,370 yards and quietly accounts for over 35% of the Bears offensive yards from scrimmage, leading all NFL running backs. Forté needs only four yards from scrimmage to break Hall of Famer Gale Sayer's team record of 1,374 in 1965. If Forté continues to average 85 yards rushing per game, he will finish with 1,352 yards, topping Minnesota Adrian L. Peterson's 1,341 yard rookie campaign last year in 2007.

P.J. Brown: NBA basketball player.

Collier Brown, Jr. (born October 14, 1969 in Detroit, Michigan), commonly referred to as P.J. Brown, is an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and currently a free agent. The 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m), 239 lb (108 kg/17.1 st) center/power forward was selected out of Louisiana Tech University by the New Jersey Nets with the 29th overall pick in the 1992 NBA Draft, but began his NBA career only in the 1993-94 season. He has been voted into the NBA All-Defensive Second Team three times, in 1997, 1999 and 2001,[1] and won the NBA Sportsmanship Award in 2004. He attended Winnfield Senior High School in Winnfield, Louisiana, where he played for the Winnfield Tigers, and has played professionally for the New Jersey Nets, Miami Heat, Charlotte/New Orleans Hornets, Chicago Bulls and Boston Celtics.

College,

Brown played four years at Louisiana Tech and averaged 10.1 points and 8.4 rebounds per game in 121 contests. He left Louisiana Tech as the Bulldogs' 2nd all-time leader in blocks with 241, and 5th in rebounds with 1,017.

First years,

Brown was selected out of Louisiana Tech University with the 29th overall pick in the second round of the 1992 NBA Draft by the New Jersey Nets. However, he elected to play in the Greek League his first year out of college and averaged 17.0 points, 13.3 rebounds and 3.2 blocks per game for Panionios.

In his first three seasons in the NBA, from 1993 to 1996, he played in 240 regular season games for the New Jersey Nets, of which he started 198 games, averaging 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.37 blocks in 30.7 minutes per game. He appeared in 4 playoff games for the Nets in the 1994 NBA Playoffs. He also participated in the 1994Rookie Challenge during NBA All-Star Weekend.

Slidell in the media:



Bayou Liberty is featured in a boat chase scene in the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die when James Bond is chased in a motor boat by Dr. Kananga's henchmen in motor launches.

Chacko George, who was a student at Northshore High School at the time, won the 2000 Jeopardy! Teen Tournament championship.



Slidell is named in the Lucinda Williams song "Joy," from the 1998 Album, Car Wheels on a Gravel Road.

It is also the title of a song in the 2005 Grayson Capps album If you knew my mind.

Andrew Volpe Live/Ludo

Slidell is mentioned in the song Lake Pontchartrain by Ludo


Jayne Mansfield

Slidell attracted attention in the month of June, 1967, when Jayne Mansfield was killed in a car accident in the city at the age of 34.



Slidell is the home of Matthew Poncelet, the main character in the film Dead Man Walking. He mentions that it is hard for his family to visit him in prison at the Louisiana State Penitentiary because "it's a long drive from Slidell."

Monday, December 1, 2008

Jackson, MS


Jackson is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is one of two seats in Hinds County; the town of Raymond is the other. It is named after President Andrew Jackson. The 2000 census recorded Jackson's population at 184,256, but according to July 1, 2006 estimates, the city's population was 176,614 and its five-county metropolitan area had a population of 529,456. The Jackson-Yazoo City combined statistical area, consisting of the Jackson metropolitan area and Yazoo City micropolitan area, has a population of 557,385, making it the 88th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

The current slogan for the city is Jackson, Mississippi: City with Soul. The city is named after President Andrew Jackson.

Founding and antebellum period (to 1860),

The area that is now Jackson was initially referred to as Parkerville and was settled by Louis LeFleur, a French Canadian trader, along the historic Natchez Trace trade route.

The Natchez Trace, a 440-mile-long path extending from Natchez, Mississippi to Nashville, Tennessee, linked the Cumberland, Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. It was a traditional Native American trail and was later also used by early European explorers as both a trade and transit route in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Today, the trail has been commemorated by the 444-mile-long Natchez Trace Parkway, which follows the approximate path of the trace. The trail itself has a long and rich history, filled with brave explorers, dastardly outlaws and daring settlers. Parts of the original trail are still accessible.

A cypress swamp along the side of the Trace near Jackson, Mississippi. Photo by Roy Adkins

The area then became known as LeFleur's Bluff. LeFleur's Bluff was founded based on the need for a centrally located capital for the state of Mississippi. In 1821, the Mississippi General Assembly, meeting in the then-capital of Natchez, had sent Thomas Hinds (for whom Hinds County is named), James Patton, and William Lattimore to look for a site. After surveying areas north and east of Jackson, they proceeded southwest along the Pearl River until they reached LeFleur's Bluff in Hinds County. Their report to the General Assembly stated that this location had beautiful and healthful surroundings, good water, abundant timber, navigable waters, and proximity to the trading route Natchez Trace. And so, a legislative Act passed by the Assembly on November 28, 1821, authorized the location to become the permanent seat of the government of the state of Mississippi.

Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States and the city's namesake

Jackson is named after the seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, in recognition for his victory in the Battle of New Orleans.

During the late 18th century and early 19th century, the area was traversed by the Natchez Trace, on which a trading post stood before a treaty with the Choctaw, the Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820, formally opened the area for non-native American settlers.

The approximate areas shaded in orange and green in relation to the future U.S. states of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma.

The Treaty of Doak's Stand (7 Stat. 210, also known as Treaty with the Choctaw) was signed on October 18, 1820 (proclaimed on January 8, 1821) between the United States and the Choctaw Indian tribe. Based on the terms of the accord, the Choctaw agreed to give up approximately one-half of their remaining Choctaw homeland.

In October 1820, Andrew Jackson and Thomas Hinds were sent as commissioners that represented the United States to conduct a treaty that would surrender a portion of Choctaw country in Mississippi. They met with tribal representatives at Doak's Stand on the Natchez Trace. They met with chiefs, mingos, and headsmen like Colonel Silas Dinsmore and Chief Pushmataha. Dinsmore was a former Choctaw agent who passport ruling in 1812 stirred a brief controversy with Jackson. Dinsmore, who was there to settle a land claim, believed the policy of the American government toward the Indian tribes was a harsh one. Jackson found out about his opinion promising a confrontation, but when Jackson found out about Dinsmore intentions Jackson paid no attendtion to him.

The convention began on October 10 with a talk by Sharp Knife, the nickname of Jackson, to more than 500 Choctaws. Pushmataha accused Jackson of deceiving them of the quality of land west of the Mississippi. Pushmataha responded to Jackson's retort with "I know the country well ... The grass is everywhere very short ... There are but few beavers, and the honey and fruit are rare things." Jackson finally resorted to threats to pressure the Choctaw to sign a treaty. He shouted "Many of your nation are already beyond the Mississippi, and others are every year removing .... If you refuse ... the nation will be destroyed." On October 18th the treaty was signed.

Article IV prepared the Choctaws to become citizens of the United States when he or she became acculturated. This article would later influence Article XIV in the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.

Pushmataha in 1824.

“ ART. IV. The boundaries hereby established between the Choctaw Indians and the United States, on this side of the Mississippi river, shall remain without alteration until the period at which said nation shall become so civilized and enlightened as to be made citizens of the United States, and Congress shall lay of a limited parcel of land for the benefit of each family or individual in the nation. ... ”
—- Treaty of Doak's Stand, 1820

The preamble begins with,

“ WHEREAS it is an important object with the President of the United States, to promote the civilization of the Choctaw Indians, by the establishment of schools amongst them; and to perpetuate them as a nation, by exchanging, for a small part of their land here, a country beyond the Mississippi River, where all, who live by hunting and will not work, may be collected and settled together. And whereas it is desirable to the state of Mississippi, to obtain a small part of the land belonging to said nation; for the mutual accommodation of the parties, and for securing the happiness and protection of the whole Choctaw nation, as well as preserving that harmony and friendship which so happily subsists between them and the United States, James Monroe, President of the United States of America, by Andrew Jackson, of the State of Tennessee, Major General in the Army of the United States, and General Thomas Hinds, of the State of Mississippi, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States, on the one part, and the Mingoes, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Choctaw nation, in full Council assembled, on the other part,: have freely and voluntarily entered into the following articles, viz ... ”
—-Treaty of Doak's Stand, 1820

The terms of the treaty were:

1. Choctaw land (in Mississippi) ceded to the U.S.
2. Boundary of western land (in Arkansas) ceded to the Choctaw nation.
3. Marking of boundaries by Choctaw appointed guide.
4. Boundaries may not change until the Choctaws are civilized and enlightened so as to become citizens of the United States.
5. Corn, Blankets, kettles, rifle guns, bullet moulds & nippers, and ammunition given to Choctaws, who moved from ceded territory to lands west of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma), for one year.
6. U.S. agent appointed, goods and supplies to be sent, and a blacksmith will be appointed to Choctaws in ceded lands. Property of removed Choctaws to be sent to them.
7. Selling of Choctaw lands to support Choctaw schools on both sides of the Mississippi River.
8. Annuity of $6000 US annually for 16 years for discontented Choctaws.

Jackson was originally planned, in April 1822, by Peter Van Dorn in a "checkerboard" pattern advocated by Thomas Jefferson, in which city blocks alternated with parks and other open spaces, giving the appearance of a checkerboard. This plan has not lasted to the present day.

The state legislature first met in Jackson on December 23, 1822.

In 1839, Jackson was the site of the passage of the first state law that permitted married women to own and administer their own property.

Jackson was first linked with other cities by rail in 1840. An 1844 map shows Jackson linked by an east-west rail line running between Vicksburg, Raymond, and Brandon. Unlike Vicksburg, Greenville, and Natchez, Jackson is not located on the Mississippi River, and did not develop like those cities from river commerce. Instead, railroads would later spark growth of the city in the decades after the American Civil War.

American Civil War and late nineteenth century (1861-1900)

Despite its small population, during the Civil War, Jackson became a strategic center of manufacturing for the Confederate States of America. In 1863, during the campaign which ended in the capture of Vicksburg, Union forces captured Jackson during two battles—once before the fall of Vicksburg and once after the fall of Vicksburg.

September 1863 map of the Siege of Jackson.

On May 13, 1863, Union forces won the first Battle of Jackson, forcing Confederate forces to flee northward towards Canton. On May 15, Union troops under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman burned and looted key facilities in Jackson, a strategic manufacturing and railroad center for the Confederacy. After driving the Confederate forces out of Jackson, Union forces turned west once again and engaged the Vicksburg defenders at the Battle of Champion Hill in nearby Edwards. The siege of Vicksburg began soon after the Union victory at Champion Hill. Confederate forces began to reassemble in Jackson in preparation for an attempt to break through the Union lines surrounding Vicksburg and end the siege there. The Confederate forces in Jackson built defensive fortifications encircling the city while preparing to march west to Vicksburg.

Confederate forces marched out of Jackson to break the siege of Vicksburg in early July 1863. However, unknown to them, Vicksburg had already surrendered on July 4, 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant dispatched General Sherman to meet the Confederate forces heading west from Jackson. Upon learning that Vicksburg had already surrendered, the Confederates retreated back into Jackson, thus beginning the Siege of Jackson, which lasted for approximately one week. Union forces encircled the city and began an artillery bombardment. One of the Union artillery emplacements still remains intact on the grounds of the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. Another Federal position is still intact on the campus of Millsaps College. One of the Confederate Generals defending Jackson was former United States Vice President John C. Breckenridge. On July 16, 1863, Confederate forces slipped out of Jackson during the night and retreated across the Pearl River. Union forces completely burned the city after its capture this second time, and the city earned the nickname "Chimneyville" because only the chimneys of houses were left standing. The northern line of Confederate defenses in Jackson during the siege was located along a road near downtown Jackson, now known as Fortification Street.

Today there are few antebellum structures left standing in Jackson. One surviving structure is the Governor's Mansion, built in 1842, which served as Sherman's headquarters.

The Mississippi Governor's Mansion is a historic U.S. residence in Jackson, Mississippi.



It is located at 316 East Capitol Street.

It is the second oldest executive residence in the United States that has been continuously occupied as a gubernatorial residence.

On November 25, 1969, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Mississippi Governor's Mansion on June 1, 1936.

It was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of Interior in 1975, making it at that time one of only two state gubernatorial residences to have received this honor.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.

The Mississippi legislature appropriated funds In January 1833 to build a capitol building and a suitable house for the Governor. Delayed by a major depression caused by the Panic of 1837, construction of the Governor's Mansion didn't begin until 1839. Governor Tilghman Tucker and his family moved into the Mansion, which had been constructed for a cost of approximately $50,000.00, in January 1842. The Governor's Mansion was designed by architect William Nichols (1780-1853), a native of Bath, England. Nichols also designed the Mississippi Capitol building and the Lyceum building located at the University of Mississippi. Nichols designed the Mansion in the period's most popular architectural style: Greek Revival. Architectural historians consider the Mississippi Governor's Mansion to be one of the finest surviving examples of the Greek Revival style in the United States.

Old Mississippi State Capitol illustration from 1875

Another is the Old Capitol building, which served as the home of the Mississippi state legislature from 1839 to 1903. There the Mississippi legislature passed the ordinance of secession from the Union on January 9, 1861, becoming the second state to secede from the United States.

Old State Capitol in 1972

Originally called the State House, the Old Mississippi State Capitol, also known as Old Capitol Museum or Old State Capitol, is the former capitol building for the Mississippi state legislature from 1839 until 1903. It is currently a museum of Mississippi history. The building is a Mississippi State Historic Site and a National Historic Landmark. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.

The first state house, a small brick building, was erected on the northeast corner of Capitol and President Streets and was in use from 1822 until the new-at-the-time capitol building was first used in 1839.

The Old Mississippi State Capitol served as the Capitol Building from 1839 until its replacement in 1903 by the current capitol building. It currently serves as a museum, containing exhibits from all periods of Mississippi's history.

Construction was begun in 1833, but there were difficulties with the architect and some of the materials proved defective. The work was halted, some of it was torn down, and a new architect, William Nichols, was employed. Although the Capitol was not completed until 1840, the Legislature first met in the unfinished building in 1839.

The Old Capitol is a masterpiece of nineteenth-century Greek Revival architecture. It was the third and final statehouse designed by the influential British architect William Nichols. The Old Capitol is Jackson’s oldest building. The imposing structure was situated at the main intersection of the young city, standing at the head of Jackson's Capitol Street, and soon became its dominant feature. The building itself is defined by its rotunda, which rises ninety-four feet from the polished limestone floor to the top of the dome.

The Old Capitol was designed as the architectural expression of the 1832 Mississippi constitution, which articulated Jacksonian democracy’s ideal of broad public participation in government. Consequently, the legislative chambers eclipsed the governor's office in elegance and location, and the public was provided large, open galleries in both the House and Senate chambers to view the proceedings.

Events

Old Mississippi State Capitol Senate chamber Photo by Chuck Kelly

Old Mississippi State Capitol rotunda. Photo by Chuck Kelly

Many historic events occurred in the old Capitol.

1839 saw the passage of the first law in America giving property rights to married women.

Events honoring Andrew Jackson during his last visit to the city named for him occurred in 1840.

Henry Clay was received there in 1844.

In 1847, Jefferson Davis and the Mississippi Volunteers gathered here on their victorious return from the Mexican-American War.

In the House of Representatives on January 9, 1861, Mississippi became an independent republic and the second state to secede.

The first constitutional convention in the South after the fall of the Confederacy was held here in 1865.

Also in 1865 the building was the location of the passage of Mississippi's "Black Codes," legislation restricting the movement and actions of free blacks in the state. The passage of the codes doomed President Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction policies in Mississippi and in other southern states and led to the passage of both the first federal civil rights law, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

In 1870 the building became the location of the election of Hiram Rhodes Revels to the United States Senate, making him the first African American to serve in Congress and marked the beginning of active black participation in the federal legislature.

The last address by Jefferson Davis to the legislature was done in 1884.

In 1884, the first state-supported college for women in America was established there.

In 1890 the Constitution, under which Mississippi is still governed, was adopted there.

The inauguration of Governor William F. Winter was held there in 1980.

Presentation of the French Legion of Honor Award to writer Eudora Welty was done there in 1996.

In 1997, the "old" Capitol saw the signing of a Historic Accord between the State of Mississippi and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.

Vacancy and renovation

Old Mississippi State Capitol; February 20, 1940

The Old Capitol was virtually abandoned from 1903 to 1916. As the Old Capitol deteriorated from neglect, attempts were made to demolish it. Through the efforts of women's preservation groups, the building was saved from destruction and was turned into a state office building in 1917. Several state agencies including the Board of Health, the Department of Education, and the Department of Agriculture once called the Old Capitol Office Building home.

The Old Capitol was originally constructed with a limestone base and a faux-limestone facade of scored stucco on three sides, with brick left exposed only at the back of the building—which faced what was then the wild Pearl River swamp.

During the administration of Governor J. P. Coleman (1956-1960), a major restoration of the Old Capitol was begun. The Department of Archives and History directed its renovation into a state museum and showplace for Mississippi History. Construction began February 6, 1959 with the State Historical Museum being dedicated on June 3, 1961. The cost of the restoration was approximately 2 million dollars. The faux-limestone stucco was left off as a cost-cutting measure.

Damage from Hurricane Katrina,

In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina roared into Mississippi. The copper roof of the Old Capitol was peeled back by the storm’s winds and rain was driven in, badly damaging both building and artifacts. Collection storage areas were the worst hit. There was nowhere to move those artifacts except areas open to the public, forcing the museum to close immediately.

Meanwhile, the saturated insulation and wet plaster gave rise to severe mold and mildew problems. Staff members stayed in the building to coordinate the removal of all artifacts, and then were relocated into temporary offices.

With the Old Capitol closed, the plan to build a new Museum of Mississippi History first and restore the Old Capitol afterwards was no longer viable. The 2006 Legislature responded and fully funded the restoration of the Old Capitol. Work on the site began in January 2007, and the museum is scheduled to open to the public in January 2009.

As part of the post-Hurricane Katrina renovation, the scored faux-limestone stucco is being replaced, with the first test application done on May 23, 2008.

An iron fence that was removed during an earlier renovation has been replicated and installed. A large three-part gate is centered in front of the building, with two smaller gates flanking it. Like the original, the fence features two lanterns and six eagles atop the gateposts.

Inside, the Governor’s Office, Senate and High Court Chambers, and State Library will be restored to their nineteenth-century appearances. The renovated House of Representatives chamber will continue to be used for special programs and events. Other exhibits will tell the story of Jackson as the capital city, the Old Capitol’s use in the twentieth century, and the importance of historic preservation.

Along with the William F. Winter Archives and History Building, the Charlotte Capers Archives and History Building, the War Memorial, and the new Museum of Mississippi History, the restored Old Capitol will form the core of the state’s history center, drawing thousands of visitors and serving as a gateway to heritage tourism across Mississippi.

In 1875 the Red Shirts were formed, one of a second wave of insurgent paramilitary organizations that essentially operated as "the military arm of the Democratic Party" to take back political power from the Republicans and to drive blacks from the polls. Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876. The constitutional convention of 1890, which produced Mississippi's Constitution of 1890, was also held at the capitol. This was the first of new constitutions or amendments ratified in southern states through 1908 that effectively disfranchised African Americans and poor whites, through provisions making voter registration more difficult: such as poll taxes, residency requirements, and literacy tests. These provisions survived a Supreme Court challenge in 1898. As 20th century Supreme Court decisions began to find such provisions unconstitutional, Mississippi and other southern states rapidly devised new methods to continue disfranchisement of most blacks.



The so-called New Capitol replaced the older structure upon its completion in 1903, and today the Old Capitol is a historical museum. A third important surviving antebellum structure is the Jackson City Hall, built in 1846 for less than $8,000. It is said that Sherman, a Mason, spared it because it housed a Masonic Lodge, though a more likely reason is that it housed an army hospital.

Mississippi State New Capitol Building main floor looking up

Mississippi State New Capitol Building, second floor looking foward

Mississippi New State Capitol Building Rotunda

Early twentieth century (1901-1960)

April 16, 1921 flood on Town Creek tributary stream at Jackson, Mississippi shown flowed onto Capitol Street.

The photo is a view of East Capitol Street looking east from North Farish Street.

Eudora Welty (1909-2001), award-winning American author and photographer.

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Eudora Welty was born in Jackson in 1909, lived most of her life in the Belhaven section of the city, and died there in 2001. Her memoir of development as a writer, One Writer's Beginnings (1984), presented a charming picture of the city in the early 20th century. The main Jackson Public Library was named in her honor.

Highly acclaimed African-American author Richard Wright, a native of Roxie, Mississippi, lived in Jackson as an adolescent and young man in the 1910s and 1920s. He related his experience in his memoir Black Boy (1945). He described the harsh and largely terror-filled life poor African-Americans experienced in the South and northern ghettos under segregation in the early twentieth century.

Black Boy Cover

Black Boy (1945) is an autobiography by Richard Wright. Depicting Wright's life in great detail, the book tells the story of his troubled youth and race relations in the South.

Plot summary,

Richard Wright described himself as a loser growing up in Mississippi with family members who embraced religion. A few of the most disturbing aspects of his early childhood included him accidentally burning down his home, and hanging a stray kitten that his father carelessly instructed him to kill— this, however, was not to be taken literally; Richard's father just wanted the kitten to be quiet so that he could go back to sleep. Richard's hatred for his father led him to take a more literal interpretation of the command in order to defy him. His plan backfired when his mother and brother instilled in him guilt; his mother instructed him to take down the stiff kitten and give it a proper burial.

Young Richard's father ended up leaving the family for another woman, further aggravating Richard's hatred for him. Even when Richard's mother was struggling and battling sickness to support him and his brother, he refused to live with his father and new wife, who offered a more comfortable living situation, on principle. He described his father as a simple man who had allowed himself to be mentally enslaved; pity was another potent emotion that Richard expressed regarding his father.

When his mother became too ill to work, the family went to live with Richard's grandmother. While at first the Seventh-day Adventist woman was happy to see her daughter and grandchildren, and food was more plentiful than it had been before, conditions later changed and Richard found himself drinking water all day to avoid hunger pangs. He knew that he had to start working at a young age in order to be independent, but this conflicted with his grandmother's religious views. Richard's obvious disinterest in church later convinced her that he was a lost soul and she reluctantly allowed him to get a job. His lack of religious commitment was noticeable not only to his grandmother but to other relatives who came to live with them during hard times. His aunt and grandmother marked him "dead" because of his agnosticism. During these trying times, his sick mother became his only ally. His brother was taken in by relatives as it became clear that Richard's mother had health issues that were not improving.

Wright experienced sporadic schooling throughout his young life due to the constant moving that his family did to try to avoid constantly looming poverty. He soon realized that with the proper reading materials he could teach himself. Various demeaning jobs, one of which involved him delivering racist newspapers to the colored community, and family alienation, accelerated his escape into horror and mystery short stories and novels. He said that as a youth he "could not read enough of them." This sparked Wright's interest in defining his experience, through writing, as a poor black boy in a southern state, experiencing racial tension. He started writing his own short stories that frightened his simplistic grandmother who could not understand why her grandson was interested in writing about mystery and horror. Edgar Allan Poe was very influential to Wright when he started to balance his avid reading with some writing of his own.

Richard was a fast learner and even though he was not able to go to school the required number of years, he was selected as class valedictorian of his junior high class because of his ability and intelligence. The principal even chose him to read a speech to the graduating class. Richard agreed, and wrote a speech for the occasion. When the principal handed Richard a speech that he had written for him to recite at graduation, Wright refused due to his decision not to read a degrading speech created by the principal, and delivered his own. Through menial jobs, Wright was eventually able to support his gravely ill mother and his little brother.

Dreams of moving north to escape debilitating conditions in the south enticed Wright, so he took a risky first step. With raggedy clothing and few belongings, he left Jackson for a stint in Memphis, just north of the Tennessee-Mississippi border. Knocking at the first inviting residence he arrived at in Memphis, he was disappointed to find that slave mentality and religious devotion were not confined to small Mississippi towns. The mother and daughter he briefly moved in with immediately assumed that he was religious, and right away wanted him (a complete stranger) to stay indefinitely, and marry the young daughter who Wright pitied, as he did his own father, for her simplicity: he was an unknown, poor boy from Mississippi who just wanted a place to lay his head until he could save enough money to move North in earnest, and a mother and daughter—knowing nothing about him—shallowly conclude that he was good enough to keep, permanently. It was a critical time for Richard as it marked quite a few beginning and endings in his life: his idealistic view of urban life was crumbling in the face of the simplistic family he moved in with and his disillusionment with the American dream began (Wright later moved to Paris, France). This disillusionment would be further explored during Wright's experiences with the Communist Party in American Hunger. However, it marked the beginning of his writing career in Chicago and independence from a hostile family.

Jackson's economic growth was stimulated in the 1930s by the discovery of natural gas fields nearby.

During World War II, Hawkins Field in northwest Jackson became a major airbase. Among other facilities and units, the Royal Netherlands Military Flying School was established there, after Nazi Germany occupied the Netherlands. From 1941, the base trained all Dutch military aircrews.

Civil Rights Movement in Jackson,

Since 1960, Jackson has undergone a series of dramatic changes and growth. As the state capital, it became a site for civil rights activism that was heightened by mass demonstrations during the 1960s. On May 24, 1961, during the African-American Civil Rights Movement, more than 300 Freedom Riders were arrested in Jackson for disturbing the peace after they disembarked from their bus. They were riding the bus to demonstrate against segregation on public transportation. Although the Freedom Riders had intended New Orleans, Louisiana as their final destination, Jackson was the farthest that any of them managed to travel.

Efforts to desegregate Jackson facilities began before the Freedom Rides when nine Tougaloo students were arrested for attempting to read books in the "white only" public library. Founded as a historically black college (HBCU) by the American Missionary Movement after the Civil War, Tougaloo College brought both black and white students together to work for civil rights. It also created partnerships with neighboring mostly white Millsaps College to work with student activists. It has been recognized as a site on the Civil Rights Trail by the National Park Service. After the Freedom Rides, students and activists of the Freedom Movement launched a series of merchant boycotts, sit-ins and protest marches, from 1961 to 1963.

In Jackson, shortly after midnight on June 12, 1963, Medgar Evers, civil rights activist and leader of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, was murdered by Byron De La Beckwith, a white supremacist. Thousands marched in his funeral procession to protest the assassination. In 1994, prosecutors Ed Peters and Bobby DeLaughter finally obtained a murder conviction of De La Beckwith. A portion of U.S. Highway 49, all of Delta Drive and Jackson-Evers International Airport was named in honor of Medgar Evers. During 1963 and 1964, organizers did voter education and voter registration. In a pilot project, they rapidly registered 80,000 voters across the state, demonstrating the desire of African Americans to vote. In 1964 they created the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party as an alternative to the all-white state party, and sent an alternate slate of candidates to the national party convention.

Mississippi continued segregation and the disfranchisement of most African Americans until after the Civil Rights Movement gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Acts of 1965. In June 1966, Jackson was also the terminus of the James Meredith March, organized by James Meredith, the first African-American to enroll at the University of Mississippi. The march, which began in Memphis, Tennessee, was an attempt to garner support for implementation of civil rights legislation. It was accompanied by a new drive to register African-Americans to vote in Mississippi. In this latter aim, it succeeded in registering between 2,500 and 3,000 black Mississippians to vote. The march ended on June 26 after Meredith, who had been wounded by a sniper's bullet earlier on the march, addressed a large rally of some 15,000 people in Jackson.

James H. Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights movement figure. He was the first African-American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flash point in the American civil rights movement.

Meredith was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi of Native American (Choctaw) and African American heritage. He enlisted in the United States Air Force right out of high school and served from 1951 to 1960. He then attended Jackson State College for two years. He applied to the University of Mississippi, but was denied twice.

On October 1, 1962, he became the first black student at the University of Mississippi, after being barred from entering on September 20. His enrollment, virulently opposed by segregationist Governor Ross Barnett, sparked riots on the Oxford campus, which required federal troops and U.S. Marshals, who were sent by President John F. Kennedy. The riots led to a violent clash which left two people dead, including French journalist Paul Guihard, 48 soldiers injured and 30 U.S. Marshals with gun wounds. Barnett was fined $10,000 and sentenced to jail for contempt, but the charges were later dismissed by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. Bob Dylan sang about the incident in his song Oxford Town. Meredith's actions are regarded as a pivotal moment in the history of civil rights in the United States. He graduated on August 18, 1963 with a degree in political science.

In September 1967 the Ku Klux Klan bombed the synagogue building of the Beth Israel Congregation in Jackson, and in November bombed the house of its rabbi, Dr. Perry Nussbaum.

Gradually the old barriers came down. Since then, both whites and African Americans in the state have had a high rate of voter registration and turnout.

Recent History

The first successful cadaveric lung transplant was performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson in June 1963 by Dr. James Hardy. Hardy transplanted the cadaveric lung into a patient suffering from lung cancer. The patient survived for eighteen days before dying of kidney failure.

Malaco Logo

Since 1968, Jackson has been the home of Malaco Records, one of the leading record companies for gospel and soul music in the United States. In January 1973, Paul Simon recorded the song "Learn How To Fall", found on the album There Goes Rhymin' Simon, in Jackson at the Malaco Recording Studios.



On May 15, 1970 police killed two students and wounded 12 at Jackson State University (then called Jackson State College) after a protest of the Vietnam War included overturning and burning some cars. These killings occurred ten days after the National Guard killed four students in an anti-war protest at Kent State University in Ohio, and were part of national social unrest. Newsweek cited the Jackson State killings in its issue of 18 May when it suggested that U.S. President Richard Nixon faced a new home front.

In 1997, Harvey Johnson, Jr. became the city's first African-American mayor. During his term, he proposed the creation of a convention center, in hopes of attracting business to the city. This effort was not successful during his tenure but his idea did became a reality later when the voters of Jackson overwhelmingly passed a referendum for a tax to build the Convention Center. As a result of this vote, many new development projects are underway in Downtown Jackson.

Mayor Johnson was replaced by Frank Melton on July 4, 2005. Melton has subsequently generated controversy through his unconventional behavior, which has included acting as a law enforcement officer. A dramatic spike in crime has also ensued, despite Melton's efforts to reduce crime. The lack of jobs has contributed to crime.

2007 saw a historic first for Mississippi as Hinds County sheriff Malcolm McMillin was appointed as the new police chief in Jackson. McMillin is now both the county sheriff and city police chief.

Air Travel,

Jackson is served by Jackson-Evers International Airport, located at Allen C. Thompson Field, east of the city in Flowood in Rankin County. Its IATA code is JAN. The airport has non-stop service to 12 cities throughout the United States and is served by 6 scheduled carriers (American, Delta, Continental, Southwest, Northwest, and US Airways)



On 22 December 2004, Jackson City Council members voted 6-0 to rename Jackson International Airport in honor of slain civil rights leader and field secretary for the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, Medgar Evers. This decision took effect on 22 January 2005.

Formerly Jackson was served by Hawkins Field Airport, located in northwest Jackson, with IATA code HKS, which is now used for private air traffic only.

Underway is the Airport Parkway project. The environmental impact study is complete and final plans are drawn and awaiting Mississippi Department of Transportation approval. Right-of-way acquisition is underway at an estimated cost of $19 million. The Airport Parkway will connect High Street in downtown Jackson to Mississippi Highway 475 in Flowood at Jackson-Evers International Airport. The Airport Parkway Commission consists of the Mayor of Pearl, the Mayor of Flowood, and the Mayor of Jackson, as the Airport Parkway will run through and have access from each of these three cities.

Railroads,



Jackson is served by the Canadian National Railway (formerly the Illinois Central Railroad).



The Kansas City Southern Railway also serves the city. The Canadian National has a medium-sized yard downtown which Mill Street parallels and the Kansas City Southern has a large classification yard in Richland.



Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Jackson. The Amtrak station is located at 300 West Capitol Street. Amtrak's southbound City of New Orleans provides service from Jackson to New Orleans and some points between. The northbound City of New Orleans provides service from Jackson to Memphis, Carbondale, Champaign-Urbana, Chicago and some points between.



Efforts to establish service with another Amtrak train, the Crescent Star, an extension of the Crescent westward from Meridian, Mississippi to Dallas, Texas, failed in 2003.

Industry,

Jackson is home to several major industries. These include electrical equipment and machinery, processed food, and primary and fabricated metal products. The surrounding area supports agricultural development of livestock, soybeans, cotton, and poultry.

Publicly traded companies,

The following companies are headquartered in Jackson:

Cal-Maine Foods, Inc. (NASDAQ:CALM)

EastGroup Properties Inc. (NYSE:EGP)

Parkway Properties, Inc. (NYSE:PKY)

Trustmark Corporation (NASDAQ:TRMK)

Cultural organizations and institutions

Jackson, Mississippi city hall

Ballet Mississippi

Celtic Heritage Society of Mississippi

International Museum of Muslim Cultures

Jackson State University Botanical Garden

Jackson Zoo

Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum

Mississippi Arts Center

Mississippi Chorus

Mississippi Department of Archives and History, which contains the state archives and records.

Mississippi Heritage Trust

Mississippi Hispanic Association

Mississippi Immigrants Rights Alliance

Mississippi Museum of Art

Mississippi Opera

Mississippi Symphony Orchestra (MSO), formerly the Jackson Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1944

Municipal Art Gallery

Mynelle Gardens

New Stage Theatre

Russell C. Davis Planetarium

Smith-Robertson Museum and Cultural Center

Colleges and universities:

Tougaloo College (1869)

Jackson State University (1877)

Belhaven College (1883)

Millsaps College (1890)

Hinds Community College's campuses in Jackson are the Nursing/Allied Health Center and the Academic/Technical Center

Mississippi College School of Law (1930)

University of Mississippi Medical Center (1955), health sciences campus of the University of Mississippi

Reformed Theological Seminary

Wesley Biblical Seminary

Tourism and Culture

Jackson is a city famous for its music - including Gospel, Blues, and R&B. Jackson is also home to the world famous Malaco Records recording studio. Many notable musicians hail from Jackson.

Rap rocker Kid Rock made a song about Jackson, aptly titled "Jackson, Mississippi", in 2003.

"Jackson" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Billy Edd Wheeler about a married couple who find that the "fire" has gone out of their relationship. The song relates the desire of the husband and wife to travel to Jackson, Mississippi, where they each look forward to a new life free of the unhappy relationship. Famous covers of the song include the 1968 Grammy Award winner by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. The song was performed by Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon (playing Johnny Cash and June Carter) in the 2005 film Walk the Line.

Jackson is home to the USA International Ballet Competition. Founded in 1978 by Thalia Mara, the first USA International Ballet Competition took place in 1979 and joined the ranks of Varna, Bulgaria (1964); Moscow, Russia (1969); and Tokyo, Japan (1976). The International Ballet Competition (IBC) originated in Varna, Bulgaria in 1964. The competition eventually expanded to rotating annual events in Varna, Moscow and Tokyo. In 1979 the event first came to the United States in Jackson, Mississippi, where it now returns every four years. The rotation is currently among Jackson, Varna, Helsinki, Finland, and Shanghai, China. These first competitions were given sanction by the International Dance Committee of UNESCO’s International Theater Institute. Today, international ballet competitions flourish worldwide, and the USA IBC in Jackson remains one of the oldest and most respected competitions in the world. In 1982, the United States Congress passed a Joint Resolution designating Jackson as the official home of the USA International Ballet Competition. Jackson held subsequent competitions in 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006. The next competition is in 2010. The competitions are held at Thalia Mara Hall.[27]


Periodic cultural events:

CelticFest Mississippi (annual, September)

Crossroads Film Festival (annual, April)

Festival Latino (annual, September)

Jubilee!Jam (annual, June)

Mal's St. Pattys Day Parade (annual, on the Saturday of or after March 17, the fourth largest in the nation with over 50,000 people)

Mississippi State Fair (annual, held in October)

OUToberfest (annual gay and lesbian festival, October)

USA International Ballet Competition (every four years, June)

Museums and Historic Sites:

Eudora Welty House Museum

Greenwood Cemetery

The International Museum of Muslim Cultures

The City of Jackson Fire Museum

King Edward Hotel

Manship House Museum

Medgar Evers Home Museum

Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum

Mississippi Governor's Mansion

Mississippi Museum of Art

Mississippi Museum of Natural Science

Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame and Museum

The Oaks House Museum/Boyd House

Old Capitol Museum of Mississippi History

Smith Robertson Museum and Cultural Center

Standard Life Insurance Building